Earth Sciences Pakistan (ESP)

Management of solid waste is one of the current issues especially in cities due to increasing population and modern lifestyle. Faisalabad produces almost 1300-1600 tons of solid waste per day which is going to be increase with the passage of time. 56% of generated waste is collected only and 43% is disposed in open dumping site without any precautionary measures and treatment. It results in many kinds of environmental deterioration and become a source of communicable diseases. This study was conducted to estimate the potential present in solid waste of Faisalabad. Recycling, composting and incineration are alternative approaches to solid waste management. By managing the solid waste, it reduces the pollution problems with the outcomes of valuable fertilizer and energy. Composition of Faisalabad waste depicts valuable quantity of energy in it.

Hospital waste is categorized as a very dangerous waste type as it possesses many pathogenic elements and it can cause harmful human health effects. This research shows the survey and field investigation conducted at government hospitals located in Faisalabad. The quantitative waste analysis showed that 55% non-infectious, 15% infectious, 25% bio-hazardous, 2% sharps and 3% chemical waste is generation in these hospitals. Few main hospitals have their own incinerator but still either they are not working efficiency or insufficient to handle waste. However, this paper deals with the design of incinerator for small scale hospitals. The proposed incinerator has three chambers: primary chamber (temperature range 500-7000c), secondary chamber (temperature range 700-900oc), and tertiary chamber (temperature range 900-12000c). Situation analysis confirmed the earlier view that a hospital waste management project should be implemented at this hospital and an intensive training programmed, at all levels, and is required to deal effectively with this problem.

Water for consumption purpose needs to be treated to meet the quality guidelines of 5 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) according to World Health Organization. The main objective of this study is to compare Moringa Oleifera Lam. to that of aluminum sulphate in terms of treatment efficiency. The method is carried out using Jar Tests and raw data are analyzed using Microsoft Excel Office Professional Plus 2013 and Pearson Correlation. Results shown proved the ability of Morina oleifera to remove the total suspended solids in the water from 35.9 ± 1.65 NTU to 3.17 ± 0.3 NTU at optimum dosage of 15 mg/l while aluminum sulphate to 7.26 ± 2.13 NTU at dosage of 55 mg/l. The treatment efficiency of Moringa oleifera is also higher at 91.17% and aluminum sulphate is at 78.72%. Moringa oleifera resist changes in pH as final reading of the water sample increases from 5.67 ± 0.23 to 6.05 ± 0.03 while aluminum sulphate decreases to 3.43 ± 0.05 which indicates elevated acidity level. Conductivity reading of Moringa oleifera is constant at range of 113.33 ± 5.77 ևS while aluminum sulphate increased drastically from initial reading of 86.67 ± 5.77 ևS to 1120 ± 10.0 ևS. The final temperature is still at normal room temperature range after the addition of both coagulants at 22.07 °C to 24.97 °C. As a conclusion, a cheaper and safer coagulant such as Moringa oleifera as compared to aluminum sulphate can be established.