This study combines field observations, petrographic descriptions, geochemical data, and heavy mineral analysis to better understand the provenance, tectonic setting, and depositional environment of the Gombe Formation sandstones at Wuro Biriji in the Gongola Sub-basin, Northeastern Nigeria. Lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite make up the majority of the sandstones, dominated by quartz (54–62%), with notable amounts of feldspar (6–17%) and lithic fragments (10–19%). Accessory minerals such as zircon, rutile, and tourmaline provide important provenance clues. Geochemical results show SiO₂ contents ranging from 53.26% to 78.96%, with Al₂O₃/TiO₂ ratios between 2.05 and 7.14. The samples are also enriched in Fe₂O₃, pointing to contributions from both felsic and minor mafic sources. Weathering indices (CIA: 54.42–89.43; PIA: 70.63–96.59) reveal moderate to severe chemical weathering, indicating that the source rocks from which the sediments were formed were exposed to warm, humid paleoclimatic conditions. High concentrations of Zr (up to 8,950 ppm) and Hf (up to 32 ppm) reflect strong recycling and a predominantly felsic source, while trace amounts of Cr (90–280 ppm) and V (70–145 ppm) show some mafic input. The heavy mineral fraction is dominated by zircon, rutile, and tourmaline, with ZTR indices of 28.6–63.5% and RZi values of 15.0–85.7%. These results indicate a polycyclic, felsic-dominated provenance with a minor metamorphic contribution. Sandstones in the continental block and recycled orogen fields are regularly shown in discrimination diagrams, with a small overlap into settings of active continental margins. Deposition in a fluvial to deltaic system influenced by shallow marine conditions is shown by sedimentological evidence such as heterolithic facies, cross-bedding, and ripple marks. A tectonically dynamic basin's heterogeneous felsic and mafic contributions, deposited under fluctuating energy conditions, are reflected in the Gombe Sandstone. These results add to a better knowledge of the Upper Benue Trough and offer important new information about the stratigraphic development of the Gongola Sub-basin.