Earth Sciences Pakistan (ESP)

This study is a seismic hazard assessment done with a high degree of detail over a central metropolitan area across Nigeria to understand the risks, vulnerabilities, and mitigative strategies. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis shows high seismic hazard levels in the cities, for example, in Lagos (Peak Ground Acceleration – 0.432g) against lower risk areas such as Maiduguri (0.143g). A study on susceptibility analysis discovered that steel frame (77.74%) and precast concrete (71.13%) are most likely affected by seismic disturbances among the common construction materials. A spatial model comprising population density overlaid with the seismic exposure index identified the cities with high risks in the densely populated mega-cities like Lagos (population density 7231 people/square km; index of seismic exposure 0.823). Critical infrastructure comes up with significant dangers within, which include hospitals (0.8761), airports (0.771), and dams (0.63). Hazard exposure indexes concerning socioeconomic vulnerability indices map emergency hotspots in Lagos (hazard index = 0.823; socioeconomic index = 0.754), which asks for special attention or explicit planning for resilience. The study’s results call for implementing seismic-resistant building codes, retrofits of aging facilities, strengthening disaster preparedness, and a holistic approach toward dealing with the socioeconomic fragility of earthquake-prone urban locations. Multihazard speedy modeling empowers cities with quantitative information to apply uniquely customized urban policies based on the evaluation of risk factors. The main recommendations reflect the issues of resilient cities like Lagos and the mandatory seismic safety standards for essential buildings such as hospitals worldwide. The suggestions also highlight the importance of integrating joint resistance and socio-economic vulnerability reduction strategies. With data-driven risk mitigation, Nigeria can strengthen the resilience of its fast-growing urbanscapes in terms of standing against earthquakes.