The hydroclimate of the Western Himalayas is governed by a complex interplay between cryospheric dynamics, atmospheric circulation, and seasonal precipitation regimes. This short review synthesizes recent insights from observational, mechanistic, and modeling perspectives to explore how Himalayan glaciers modulate regional rainfall variability. (Salerno et al. 2023) highlighted the localized cooling and drying effects induced by glacial processes under global warming, while (Ali et al. 2018) documented conflicting wet and dry trends in monsoonal and winter rainfall over Punjab, Pakistan—suggesting a seasonally asymmetric response to large-scale forcings. Complementing these findings, (Wang et al. 2024) reviewed the modeling challenges in representing glacio-hydrological interactions across the complex terrain of the Tibetan Plateau and adjoining Himalayan ranges. Together, these studies underscore the need for integrated frameworks that account for glacier–atmosphere coupling and its feedback on precipitation patterns under future climate scenarios.

This study has focused on the distribution, diversity and systematic paleontology are presented with more emphasis on their modern nomenclatural aspects and ecology of 174 Miliolid foraminiferal species, belonging to 39 genera, were identified from two marine bodies: Mediterranian Sea (MS) and Red Sea (RS). One hundred and nine of these species (~ 63 %) are recorded from MS, while the other species from RS (~37%). One hundred and fifteen Miliolids species (~69%) belong to nine diagnostic genera: 39 species to Quinqueloculina, followed by 16 to Spiroloculina, 11 to Triloculina and Adelosina, 10 to Siphonaperta, 9 to Pyrgo and Cycloforina, 8 to Milliolinella and Pseudotriloculina, while the other 52 species are distributed to the other thirty genera. Twenty of these species are treated here as new: Adelosina cimermani, A. langeri, Spirophthalmidium mediterranensis, Siphonaperta italica, S. longata, Cycloforina cherifi, C. hewaidyi, Quinqucloculina bassiounii, Q. moradi, Milliolinella cimermani, M. langeri, Pseudotriloculina khetamae, P. nashwae, Pyrgo anani, P. haggagae, P. strougoi, Triloculinella hamimii, Sigmoilinita akmali, S. wagehi, and Nummoloculina boukharyi. According to the present study, the Miliolid foraminiferal assemblage has more favorable environment in the Mediterranean Sea (MS) than Red Sea (RS), which may due to more active surface water and less water salinity in MS than RS.

This study deals with taxonomic consideration of one new genus: Ornatodella Anan (2023) from Pakistan, and also thirteen benthic and two planktic foraminiferal species were erected from two countries in the Southern Tethys: Pakistan and India. The recorded foraminiferal species belong to thirteen benthic genera and two planktic genera (one from Pakistan and the other from India). Fifteen species of the recorded assemblage are from Pakistan (⁓94%), while only one species from India (⁓6%). One of the recorded species belongs to Suborder Textulariina, 2 to Miliolina, 1 to Lagenina, 12 to Rotaliina, while 2 species to Globigerinina. Some of the recorded species present an evolutionary foraminiferal lineages.

Coal consists of mainly organic materials and minor inorganic constituents. These components determine coal’s possible value in the metallurgical, power generation, and other sectors. Coal is one of the most affordable and dependable energy sources used to produce electricity globally. Geological mapping of Okobo coal in the Anambra Basin of Nigeria was carried out and coal samples taken and subjected to proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, calorific value determination, and free swelling index test in order to source coking coals for metallurgical industries and thermal coals for power generation in the nation. The average composition of the coal, according to the results of the proximate analysis, is 11.94% moisture, 5.66% ash, 36.73% volatile matter, and 45.67% fixed carbon. The ultimate analysis also showed that the average composition of coal is as follows: 60.20% carbon, 4.46% hydrogen, 1.59% nitrogen, 15.52% oxygen, 0.65% sulphur, and 0.027% phosphorus. The coal samples have an average heating (calorific) value of 10452 Btu/1b (24311 kj/kg) and a free swelling index (FSI) of zero (0). These traits imply that coal is non-coking and unsuitable for use in the production of iron and steel in the metallurgical sector. The coal, however, is suitable for boilers, industrial heating ovens, and the production of power.

This research compares ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) techniques in the estimation of volume, tonnage, average grade, and ounces of gold within the alluvial gold deposit located in the northern part of the Kibi-Winneba gold belt, Ghana, to ascertain the technique that yields results that align more closely with actual production values. The deposit contains fine nuggets of gold in gravel profiles covered by sharply contrasted overburden materials. Overburden and gravel layers from 219 hand-dug pits were logged, while the gravel portions were sampled and assayed by washing to determine the gold grade of each pit. Implicit modelling of the deposit using wireframes was carried out in Datamine Studio RM software. The block model and resource estimates were compared and accurately reflected the input sample grade. At a cutoff grade of 0.4 g/m3, the resource has 12.453 million cubic metres of auriferous gravel at an average grade of 0.51 g/m3. This is expected to produce about 204238 ounces of gold after mining and extraction. Different block models and resource estimates using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) approach were used to compare the OK estimate. The IDW2 correlated well with the OK model. Hence, a resource estimate was generated using the IDW2 and the difference in the expected ounces of gold was calculated to be 2.02% lower than that of the OK estimate.

The source parameter imaging technique was used for the composite Ekiti State’s aeromagnetic data to determine the depth of the magnetic basement at different locations in the research area. Determining basement depth in this type of terrain is essential for groundwater exploration which is crucial for sustenance of life. The aeromagnetic data covering the entire state were processed using the oasis montaj 8.4 software. Firstly, the first order polynomial fitting method was used for the regional – residual separation of the total magnetic field intensity data before the application of the reduction to equator transformation filter on the residual component. The data were further enhanced by using upward continuation smoothing filter to remove the effect of the short-wavelength noise from the data. The depth of the magnetic basement, derived from the source parameter imaging technique, ranges from 116 m to 658 m, which indicate the depths to the top of the magnetic sources within the basement rocks in the study area.

Road construction is a critical infrastructure vital for human civilization and infrastructure. However, Nigeria is currently experiencing significant road failures across all levels of government, from federal to municipal. Among the various factors contributing to road failure are corruption and poor maintenance or supervision, but the primary reason for road failure is the quality of materials used in road construction. This research presents a laboratory study of four soil samples as material used as base and subbase in road construction. All analyses were conducted following British Standards. The liquid limit of the samples ranged from 27.1% to 29.3%, while the plastic limit ranged from 19% to 19.7%, and the plasticity index ranged from 8% to 9.65%. Linear shrinkage values were between 13.0% and 13.4%, and moisture content ranged from 10.2% to 11.2%. Maximum dry densities (MDD) varied from 2101 kg/m³ to 2144 kg/m³, with optimum moisture contents (OMC) ranging from 10.9% to 12.4%. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) for unsoaked samples ranged from 35% to 70%, while soaked samples ranged from 27% to 56%. Due to their lateritic composition and compliance with Nigerian regulatory standards for geotechnical properties, the soils in the study area are deemed suitable as subbase materials. However, soil improvement is necessary to make them suitable for base course applications.

Climate change has been identified as a primary driver of changes in land use and cover, resulting in negative impacts on the environment, biodiversity, and socioeconomic factors. This study looked at the spatiotemporal changes in land use and land cover in Dugda Dawa Woreda, Southern Ethiopia, as a result of climate change. The study used a combination of remote sensing, GIS analysis, and field surveys to analyze alterations in land use patterns across time. Agriculture, settlements, wetlands and grasslands, barren terrain, and forest regions were discovered and quantified using satellite imagery from various time periods. Climate data analysis indicated that from 1991 to 2021, average monthly temperatures ranged from 16.23°C to 24.43°C, with an average yearly temperature ranging from 19.18°C to 21.19°C. Rainfall varied by season, with larger quantities recorded in months such as August, July, September, June, May, and April. The study found that land cover percentages changed over time, with wetlands and grasslands accounting for 41.19% in 1990-2000 and agriculture accounting for 73.23% by 2000-2010. Climate, economic, and demographic variables influenced land use and land cover changes, resulting in challenges such as bare land expansion, increased runoff, and soil erosion. The study’s recommendations underlined the need of sustainable land management methods in improving ecosystem resilience and combating the detrimental effects of climate change and land use changes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the geotechnical properties of the brackish shoreline of Abonnema, Niger Delta, Nigeria using both in-situ and laboratory means. The study aimed to provide essential information for development planning and design of structures in the area. The study utilized borehole drilling, particle size analysis, oedometer tests, and triaxial tests. Five boreholes were drilled, and four lithostratigraphic layers were identified, with silty peaty clay at the top and medium-coarse sand at the bottom. The analysis was carried out using approved methods, and the in-situ results were compared with laboratory geotechnical properties. The study found that the clay had a very high proportion of fines, with atterberg limits ranging from 21.0 to 22.9% for the plasticity index and corresponding liquidity index values of 0.49 to 0.63, respectively. The clay had an average moisture content of above 35%, which is expected to vary with the season. The coefficient of permeability (k) averaged at 1.39 x 10-4, while the coefficient of the volume of compressibility (Mv) and coefficient of consolidation (Cv) ranged from 1.65 x 10-4 to 1.98 x 104m2/MN for Mv and 1.84 to 2.48m2/yr for Cv. The strength parameters showed cohesive clay with values from 21kPa to 24kPa with an average frictional angle of 4o. The bearing capacity values increased from 75.154kPa at the top clay layer to 207.733 kPa at the bottom medium-coarse sand. The settlement values averaged 157mm for Immediate settlement and 815mm for consolidated settlement. The study provides crucial information about the geotechnical properties of the brackish shoreline of Abonnema, Niger Delta, Nigeria. The results suggest that the area has a high percentage of fine particles, and the clay is cohesive with low shear strength. The bearing capacity values increased towards the bottom medium-coarse sand, and the settlement values were significant. These findings are vital for development planning and the design of suitable structures in the area.