The main aim of this work was to identify pathfinder elements associated with gold mineralization at
Aboduabo and identify the different elements associated with mineralization within the Aboduabo prospect. The geochemical data was obtained from 107 soil samples which were analyzed for 50 elements. The 50 elements were evaluated using multivariate statistical methods. Principal Components and Factor Analyses were used to reduce the data into ten groups and Cluster Analysis conducted to find elements associated with gold hence serving as pathfinders for gold. In order to identify the pathfinders for gold, descriptive statistics, scatterplot diagrams, component matrix, and a dendrogram was made. Principal Components, Factor and Cluster Analyses were conducted using the SPSS software. The ten Components extracted 85.656% of the explained variance in the variables. The first principal component extracted 34.040% of variability with large positive loadings from titanium, tin, germanium, and manganese which have their sources from the Birimian metasediments such as phyllite, schist and greywacke. The third loading although it has Au as the dominant factor, also has some positive associations with As, Na, Co, Ni, Sr, Rb, Ce, Mn, and Te which explained 8.856% of the total variance, Ni, Co, Mn, and Sr which are linked to the underlying mafic rocks such as basalts, dolerites, and diorites. Cluster Analysis on the elements reduced the whole data to four clusters. The first cluster consisted of Ga, Sc, Fe, Zr, Pb, La, Sr, Y, Li, Al, Th, As, Au, Cr, V, Cu, Zn, Ni, Ce, Ba, and Co. In the study area, As, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, La, Sr, Y, and Li were shown to be gold pathfinders. These findings suggest that both primary and secondary processes contributed to the occurrence of gold and the elements it is associated with. Copper, nickel, lead, zinc, barium, cerium, cobalt, chromium, lanthanum, strontium, yttrium, lithium can be used as pathfinders for gold in the area whiles arsenic can be used as the main pathfinder for gold mineralization at Aboduabo.

The modern taxonomical consideration of the twenty seven Paleogene-Neogene smaller benthic foraminiferal species belonging to seven genera from the Northern Tethyan of Romania (East Europe), and other countries with nearly synchronous stratigraphic level represent good example of the Tethyan assemblage. Seven of the identified species are believed here to be new: Laevidentalina popescui, Annulofrondicularia crihanae, Tollmannia haidari, T. omari, T. romanica, Percultazonaria romanica and Lenticubella romanica. Environmental conditions of the identified species represent outer shelf-Bathyal environment (~200-2000m).

The Copper-Gold (Cu-Au) ore-bearing veins in Ruwan Gora, Anka, were studied using ground magnetic, resistivity, and induced polarisation (IP) geophysics methods. The study indicated that shallow/deep tectonic structures in the Precambrian Basement Complex may retain sulphide ores, while shallow granitic intrusive/volcanic rocks have high magnetic susceptibility values. Basement rock ore-bearing veins have susceptibilities of ≤ 50 nT because of the removal of IGRF, resistivity of ≥ 100 Ωm, and IP of > 203 ms. The ores’ electrical data demonstrates mineral zoning. High and low magnetic anomalies which amplitudes of 50nT and -50nT reside in the examined area. This is commendable given the slight magnetic anomaly. The residual magnetic field intensity map, down to the Interpreted Structural Map with an identification number, indicated considerable anomalies with trends in the NE-SW and N-S and few in E-W ones, which matched various structural trends in the region. IP and resistivity models identified shallow veins and bodies with considerable resistivity and chargeability. Large charged bodies were detected at a depth of ≥ 60m. Most magnetic anomalies examined by the IP survey are charged, and their chargeability increases with depth.

A continuation of this study of Uvigerina and its related genera has resulted in numerous studies which may be of general interest. Thirty-two Paleogene small Rotaliid benthic foraminiferal species of this genus and other related genera are common in eighteen localities in the Northern and Southern Tethys (USA, Mexico, Ecuador, Venezuela, Cuba, Caribbean, Chile, Argentina, France, Germany, Italy, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Nigeria, Jordan, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Pakistan). The taxonomy of the genus Uvigerina d’Orbigny with the other three related genera (i.e. Rectuvigerina Mathews, Euuvigerina Thalmann and Uvigerinella Cushman are presented and discussed.

The study used various indices of pollution to assess the level of soil contamination from Irasa Abattoir in Ado-Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria. Samples of soil were collected at the surface, 15cm and 30cm depths from effluent, roasting and bone waste areas, so as to evaluate the influence of abattoir activities on the soil quality. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) indicates uncontaminated to moderate contamination for the studied heavy metals, while the PLI ˃ 1 revealed continuous deterioration of the studied sites. The potential ecological risk factor and risk index (RI) of the metals revealed low risk level. However, the study exposed the effect of wastes and other activities on the status of the soils. Therefore, there is need to monitor the deterioration level of the abattoir site.

Climate change is a universal phenomenon which has impacted several aspects of farming such as seasons, crop production, land fertility as well as trees health. The climate change has been observed overtime, reportedly affecting agricultural production in various regions in several countries. The impact of climate change has been more widespread in Pakistan and the country has proved to be more vulnerable. The economy of Pakistan is mainly driven by agriculture-related activities. Pakistan is among the top exporter countries of Citrus fruit and the demand of this product is higher across the world. However, there has been an increasing concern of low Citrus production in Pakistan, as compared to the neighboring countries, an aspect which necessitates the salience of studying Citrus production in Pakistan. To this end, this study examines the effects of rainfall, temperature, humidity and wind speed on Citrus production to identify the Citrus orchards change as a result of climate change. To achieve this goal, this study makes use of various data collection techniques, data sources and different statistical analysis tools such as SPSS to investigate the impact of climate change on Citrus production in the selected area. The findings suggest that there exists a significant correlation between Citrus production and change in temperature (p=0.039), rainfall (p=0.048) and wind speed (p=0.001). In addition, the correlation coefficient between rainfall and Citrus production is positive with a value of 0.341. Mitigating the impacts of climate change has never been so simple and thus a holistic approach is always needed to attain the sustainability status. This study offers recommendations for policymakers to formulate the future policies of the country.

The study investigated the levels of specific heavy metals in water, tilapia, and vegetables grown in abandoned mining pits in Bukuru, Jos South. Control point was set up in Riyom while five sampling points were chosen throughout Bukuru town. 32 water samples as well as 8 samples of fish and cabbage were gathered. Eight (8) heavy metals, including cadmium, manganese, mercury, copper, nickel, lead, uranium, and zinc, were examined in the samples. The findings demonstrated that the dry season comparison with control did not reveal a statistical difference at ρ > 0.05, d = 0.06, but the comparison of mean seasonal levels of heavy metal levels in water samples with control shows a statistical difference in concentration levels between mean concentration and trend observed at control point at ρ < 0.05, d = 0.02. Nevertheless, compared to the control sample, Cd, Mn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn was higher in cabbage. For both seasons, the maximum allowable limit for fish consumption was exceeded by all investigated heavy metals except for Ur, which was not found. The seasonal distributions of heavy metals in water and cabbage samples were compared, and the results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference at ρ > 0.05, d = 0.32 during the rainy season and ρ > 0.05, d = 0.13 during the dry season. This suggests that heavy metals bioaccumulate in cabbage from water contaminated with heavy metals and there is the need to reclaim the pit to prevent further pollution.

This study aimed at mapping the lithological formations and hydrothermally altered zones that are fruitful for the mineral potential in parts of the north-central basement complex of Nigeria using aeroradiometric data. The resulting radioelement of uranium (eU), thorium (eTh) and potassium (K%) anomaly data were subsequently used to depict the lithologies and hydrothermal alteration zones using ternary and potassium to thorium ratio imageries respectively. The abundance of K, eTh and eU varies in proportion of 0.12 to 4.37 %, 5.49 to 29.41 ppm and 0.49 to 8.29 ppm. The potassium to thorium ratio ranges from 0.01 to 0.38 %ppm revealing the hydrothermally altered zones to be around Dadabiri, Pai, Kwali, Gao and Tagwai. Hence, the prominent minerals identified in the study include albite (feldspar), granite, dolerite, gold and muscovite. The distribution and extent of these mineralized zones fall within a broad northeast-southwest trending axis.

Water is crucial for human survival, food production, and economic growth. However, many poor nations, including Nigeria, lack access to potable water. Untreated natural sources, such as ponds, rivers, and streams, are the only viable source for domestic use. In Oboguru, a community in Delta State, rainwater harvesting is not possible due to acid rain. The only viable option of water supply is through boreholes which have high iron content. This study is aimed to enhance Borehole water quality in rural areas with simple treatment methods. The treatment plant consists of a multiple-tray aeration tower in a hopper-shaped sedimentation tank constructed to provide a chamber of undisturbed body of water allowing for sedimentation. Draw off of the clear water from the sedimentation tank is by a 100mm diameter pipe that takes the water by gravity to a containerized rapid gravity filter. The filter media consists of graded sand, gravel, and activated carbon for effective iron removal. The filtered water flows by gravity into the 4.5 m3-capacity clear-water/chemical contact ground tank of steel construction. Filter backwashing is accomplished by 45 m3 of treated water in the elevated tank. The results revealed that the removal of iron content of 3.5mg/l was 100%. while the maximum removal of CO2 was 77.4%. The Water Quality Index (WQI) of the treated water improved from 514.74 to 23.28 indicating excellent water quality. With decreases in acidity, hardness, turbidity, alkalinity, and total dissolved solids, there is evidence that aeration, sedimentation, and filtration have greatly enhanced the water’s quality. This low-cost treatment method has achieved better water quality that is safe and free from contamination

Charnockitic and associated rocks outcropping around Ikare were investigated for their rare earth element concentration and distribution patterns. REE data on these rocks are scanty due to lack of geochemical data. Hence, this study was designed to determine the rare earth element distribution patterns and infer the nature of their protoliths. A total of 40 rock samples were subjected to geochemical analyses using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Results showed that igneous charnockites are more enrinched in average total REE of 278.75, while the granite had the least of 151.52. All the rock samples showed a strong compositional similarity with pronounced enrichment in light rare earth elements in relative to heavy rare earth elements. La/YbN ratios for all rock types are above 5 with the metapelites having average ratio of 40.6. The Gd/YbN ratios are below 2.0 for the charnockitic rocks. The rocks generally showed significant europium anomalies due to previous segregation of Ca-rich phases such as Ca-rich plagioclase for a magmatic origin or Ca-poor protolith in case of metasedimentary. Eu/Eu*anomalies are below 1.0 for charnockitic and gneissic rocks except for the granites. It is evident that the precursors of these rocks evolved through magmatic differentiation processes and signaled partial melting of the lower crust which was later got contaminated at the upper crustal level.