The study area is located at Owan East Local Government of Edo state (Figure 1.1). Igue is located in the South Western part of Igarra (it runs between latitudes 7̊ 12′ 40″N to 7̊ 13′ 22″N and longitudes 6̊ 5′ 21″E to 6̊ 5′ 38.5″ on Auchi Sheet 266. A total of five (5) marble samples from Igue and environs in Southern Nigeria were obtained with the aim of qualifying the marble using XRF as well as XRD techniques and determining its economic importance. The major element composition of the marble deposit shows it has a mean chemical composition of CaO (91.14 wt. %), MgO (0.64 wt. %), SiO2 (4.17 wt. %), K2O (0.16 wt. %), Al2O3 (2.57 wt. %) and Fe2O3 (0.40 wt. %), respectively. The modal composition of the marble is, Calcite (65.1 %), Quartz (14.74 %), Orthoclase (7.66 %), Lime (6.5 %) and Illite (5.96 %). The results of the analysis revealed that the Igue marble is highly calcitic in composition. The ternary plot tends towards CaO and CaCO3 which confirms the former. Subject to beneficiation, Igue marble can be used for cement production. The marble can also be used for sculpture, tiles, chips and decorative purposes.

Gamma-ray log interpretation is an exploration technique that provides significant information about lithology, mineral constituents, pore size, and water content during oil and gas exploration. This study uses gamma-ray log analysis to identify lithology, discriminate faults and fractures, and estimate water saturation and porosity in the Nigerian petroleum region. We acquired gamma-ray logs using specialized logging equipment fitted with scintillation detectors. The raw data was processed and calibrated to obtain gamma-ray values in API units. Interpretation involved comparing measured values to standard shale and sandstone references, identifying lithological changes, and identifying potential reservoir locations. Gamma-ray logs were combined with other well logs, such as resistivity, neutron, and density, for comprehensive formation evaluation. The analysis of gamma-ray logs in Nigerian oil fields revealed promising results. Higher gamma-ray readings effectively distinguished shale-rich intervals (up to 96.234 API units at 143.123 meters depth) from potential hydrocarbon-bearing zones. Clean sandy areas with low gamma-ray values (65.432 API units at 100.234 meters depth) indicated high porosity and permeability reservoirs. Variability in gamma-ray trends across depth intervals (ranging from 4.567 to 9.567 API units) suggested lithological changes and stratigraphic boundaries. Gamma-ray log analysis has proven invaluable in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. It contributes to well depth identification, defining zones with shale potential, exploring hydrocarbon reservoirs and mapping stratigraphic layers, as well as optimizing post-well development plans. The fusion of gamma-ray logs with other well logs will help one have a deeper understanding of the subsurface geological characteristics. Determining how to manage resources for development and sustainability requires this understanding.

Bioenergy is generated from biomass by anaerobic digestion, and it is considered a sustainable solution for the globe to overcome energy demands. In Anaerobic digestion the organic material breaks in the absence of oxygen and produces biogas, initially, it produces methane and CO2. The Neocallimastix frontalis anaerobic fungi are used to break down complex organic material, helping to enhance anaerobic digestion. Neocallimastix frontalis is present in the herbivore’s rumen enhances the enzyme activity and enables the breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass. The structure of lignocellulosic is complex so it becomes a challenge for enzymatic degradation. The steam explosion pretreatment method is used for making the lignocellulosic substrates digestible. It makes the structure of lignocellulosic biomass more accessible for enzymatic breakdown and enhances microbial fermentation that helps to lead the biogas production. Anaerobic digestion produces digestate, which is a nutrient-rich fertilizer that promotes sustainable agriculture practices that produce biogas. In future, more studies are required to use Neocallimastix frontalis in anaerobic digestion process improvement. This may help not only in improving the mode of biogas production, it also used in addressing strengthening global energy and environmental issues. This involves the identification and implementation of genetic engineering technologies and advanced biotechnology techniques that promote the development, and commercialization of enzymatic profiles and biogas generation systems. Moreover, the evolution of bioreactor design, process optimization, as well as microbial engineering, are some of the developments of these technologies as such, deployment of such technologies in diverse industries. Agriculture will further complement climate change mitigation efforts and the accomplishment of sustainable development goals.

This paper presents a detailed study on refraction survey carried out in the Central Swamp Depobelt of the Niger Delta in order to compute the characteristics of the surface waves. Twenty-seven (27) boreholes were each drilled in the Central Swamp Depobelt of the Niger Delta to 66m. The borehole data were acquired using Seismograph McSeis-160MX Recorder, hydrophone detector and electric detonator as the source. Analysis of the results shows two-layer refractors. The consolidated-layer velocities range between 1580 and 1906ms-1with an average of 1737.78ms-1. Weathered-layer (surface) velocities range between 213 and 781ms-1 with an average of 504.81ms-1. Air-blast low velocities range between 213 and 377ms-1 with an average of 307.33ms-1. Depths from refracting surfaces range between 2.25 and 6.12m with an average of 4.58m. Dominant surface wave frequencies range between 5 and 10Hz. The layer thickness and velocity parameters can be applied in static correction in the processing of seismic reflection survey data. The dominant frequency information can also be integrated with the other parameters in detector and source arrays design necessary for attenuating the ground roll noise in the study area.

In recent years, machine learning (ML) has burgeoned as a transformative tool, particularly within predictive maintenance applications. The mining sector, characterized by its heavy machinery and capital-intensive equipment, stands to benefit immensely from advancements in predictive maintenance techniques. This comprehensive review delves into the recent innovations in ML-driven predictive maintenance and their significant applications within the mining industry. Drawing from an array of case studies and empirical analyses, this paper underscores the tangible operational efficiencies and cost-saving benefits brought about by these ML methodologies. Furthermore, it offers critical insights into the challenges, best practices, and the potential future trajectory of this intersection of machine learning and mining operations.

This study investigates the geology and the engineering geological properties of lateritic soil of Ita – Oniyan area of Ondo state, Southwestern, Nigeria. Twenty soil samples were collected from twenty test pits at depth of about 1.0m and were air–dried for two weeks and, thereafter were subjected to laboratory analyses which include natural moisture content, particle size analysis, consistency limits, linear shrinkage, specific gravity, standard compaction, shear strength, and unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. Results showed that the natural moisture content of the soils ranged from 7% to 28%, the liquid limit ranged from 30.2% to 69.1%, the plastic limit ranged from 17.5% to 43.4%, while the plasticity index ranged from 8.6% to 36.9%. The soils were grouped into CL (low plasticity), CI (medium plasticity), and CH (high plasticity). Linear shrinkage ranged from 3.7% to 11.9%. Grain size analysis gave coarse contents varying from 30.4% to 98.1% and fine contents from 27.4% to 86.9%. The unsoaked CBR ranged from 18% to 72%, for compaction, MDD ranged from 1482kg/m3 to 1981kg/m3, and OMC from 13.7% to 32.5%. Geologic mapping showed that the major rock types in the study area were biotite gneiss, charnockite, quartzite and granite parent rocks from which the soil was formed. The soil samples are made up of lateritic soil with high clay content mainly illite, since the soil samples in the study area have poor engineering properties therefore the soil needed to be stabilized to improve their engineering properties.

The Late Eocene planktic foraminiferal species Turborotalia semicunialensis Anan with its raised keel in the first two chambers of the last whorl, was recorded recently from the planktic foraminiferal zonation Globigerinatheca index Zone (E16) of Jabal Hafit, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Another forms of this species, but under another names from the Turborotalia cerroazulensis group, were recorded from Cambay Basin, northwest of India (to the east of UAE), and from Wadi Hitan, Fayum area, Western Desert of Egypt (to the west of UAE). This documentation expanded the stratigraphic range of T. semicunialensis from E15 to P16 zonation throughout the Late Eocene. In general, the planktic foraminifera is predominantly considered to be related to open marine environment, photic zone, middle-upper neritic environment (100-200 m water depth).

Pavement blocks are increasingly popular in construction due to their durability, versatility, and aesthetics. However, their conventional production process heavily relies on natural resources like sand, cement, and aggregates, raising sustainability concerns. The construction industry faces growing pressure to adopt eco-friendly practices that minimize environmental harm and conserve resources. This study explored using waste materials in making interlocking pavement blocks. It found that replacing some cement with bagasse ash, fly ash, and brick kiln dust improved compressive strength compared to traditional blocks after 28 days. Substituting some aggregate with crushed waste plastic slightly reduced tensile strength, particularly at 7 and 28 days, with lower replacement ratios performing better. Overall, using waste materials in pavement block production has the potential to promote sustainable construction by reducing environmental impact and costs, aligning with sustainable development principles and resource efficiency.

Earth’s geological history spans billions of years, yielding insights into its evolution, climate shifts, and life’s development. This article provides a comprehensive overview, encompassing eons, eras, and pivotal events. Geological processes like tectonics, volcanism, and continental formation are explored. We analyze stratigraphy, paleontology, and dating techniques to offer a clear understanding of Earth’s journey. Beginning with the geological time scale, the narrative delves into Precambrian eons, from the fiery Hadean to the emergence of complex life in the Proterozoic. The Paleozoic era’s emergence of terrestrial life and Cambrian explosion are detailed, along with the Mesozoic’s reptilian dominance and Pangaea’s breakup. The Cenozoic era, spanning from dinosaurs to the present, covers mammalian evolution, ice ages, and hominid impact. Geological processes that shaped Earth’s surface and lithosphere are outlined, including tectonics’ role in continental movement. Extinctions, climate shifts, and land bridge formations demonstrate how geology influenced life. Human interaction’s geological consequences, such as climate change and resource utilization, are considered. Understanding Earth’s geological history underscores our planet’s dynamic nature, informing conservation and resource management decisions. Through this exploration, we uncover the intricate relationship between geological processes, biological evolution, and environmental systems that define our world.

The modern taxonomical consideration is used for most diagnostic sixteen Maastrichtian-Neogene Rotaliid benthic foraminiferal species of the genus Pararotalia Le Calvez which has wide geographic distribution in many Tethyan sites: USA, Northern Tethys (England, France, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Italy, Poland, Slovenia, Romania) and Southern Tethys (Libya, Egypt, Tanzania, UAE, Pakistan, India). The Maastrichtian-Paleocene species is P. tuberculifera (Reuss). The Paleocene species is P. macneili Loeblich and Tappan. The Paleocene-Eocene species is P. ishamae Loeblich and Tappan. The Eocene species are: P. audouini (d’Orbigny), P. clavezae Loeblich & Tappan, P. inermis (Terquem), P. khirthari Haque, and P. pakistanica Anan. The Eocene-Oligocene species is P. spinigera (Le Calcez). The Oligocene species are: P. byramensis (Cushman), P. curryi Loeblich & Tappan, P. parva (Cushman) and P. subinermis Bhatia. The Neogene species are: Pararotalia aculeata (d’Orbigny), P. armata (d’Orbigny) and P. loeblichi Anan. One species is believed to be new: Pararotalia loeblichi Anan, n. sp. Eight species of them were recorded from USA (about 50%), 6 from Romania (about 37.5%), 5 from each of France, Egypt, UAE and Pakistan (about 31.5%), 3 from Poland (about 19%), 2 from Belgium, Italy and Slovenia (about 12.5%), 1 species from each of England, Libya and India (about 6%). The petaloid test and keeled peripheral margin are mostly represented warm water environment.