The taxonomical consideration, probable phylogeny and stratigraphic significance of twenty-eight middle Eocene (Bartonian) planktic foraminiferal species from the eastern limb of Jabal Hafit, Al Ain area, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Northern Oman Mountains (NOM) are presented, and twenty one of them are illustrated. Identification of these twenty-eight species belonging to ten genera Globoturborotalia, Subbotina, Globigerinatheka, Inordinatosphaera, Orbulinoides, Hantkenina, Acarinina, Morozovelloides, Pseudohastigerina and Turborotalia has led to the recognition of three biostratigraphic zones, in ascending order: Morozovelloides lehneri PRZ (E11), Orbulinoides beckmanni TRZ (E12) and Morozovelloides crassata HOZ (E13). Eight out of the identified species are recorded, in this study, for the first time from Jabal Hafit: Globoturborotalia martini, Subbotina gortanii, S. jacksonensis, S. senni, Globigerinatheca barri, Acarinina praetopilensis, A. punctocarinata and Morozovelloides bandyi. The second or third record of three species from J. Hafit outside its original records are recently documented by the present author: Inordinatosphaera indica, Hantkenina australis and H. compressa. The paleontology, paleoclimatology and paleogeographic distribution of the identified taxa at Jabal Hafit and other Paleogene outcrops in the UAE and Tethys are presented and discussed. The identified fauna emphasis the wide geographic areas in the Tethys, from Atlantic to Indian-Pacific Oceans via Mediterranean.

Salinity is the most important factor of consideration for the water management policies. The water availability from the rootzone reduced with the increase in the soil salinity due to the increase in the osmatic pressure. In Pakistan, salinity is the major threat to the agriculture land due to the tradition practices of irrigation and extensive utilization of the groundwater to meet the cope the irrigation water requirement of high intensity cropping system. The salinity impact is spatially variable on the canal commands area of the irrigation system. There is dire need to map the spatially distributed soil salinity with the high resolution. Landsat satellite imagery provides an opportunity to have 30m pixel information in seven spectral wavelength ranges. In this study, the soil salinity mapping was performed using pixel information on visible and infrared bands for 2015. These bands were also used to infer Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The raw digital numbers were converted into soil salinity information. The accuracy assessment was carried out using ground trothing information obtained using the error matrix method. Four major classes of non-saline, marginal saline, moderate saline and strongly, saline area was mapped. The overall accuracy of the classified map was found 83%. These maps can be helpful to delineate hot spots with severe problem of soil salinity in order to prepare reciprocate measures for improvement.

Within the Maastrichtian-Eocene transition in some localities in the Tethys, ten trends of accelerated evolution are recognized within twenty species belong to eight benthic foraminiferal genera: Siphogaudryina, Textularia, Pseudoclavulina, Pyramidulina, Frondicularia, Hopkinsina, Gyroidinoides and Angulogavelinella. Three out of the identified species are treated here to be new: Textularia haquei, Pyramidulina leroyi and Hopkinsina haquei. These lineages marked by changes in the morphology of the foraminiferal test, throughout the number, size and shape of chambers, ornamentation, size and position of aperture, suture and umbilicus. The identified Maastrichtian-Eocene species in this study are recognized in different localities in the Tethys: USA, France, Italy, Tunisia, Egypt, Jordan, UAE, Qatar and Pakistan.

Urban regions have a critical issue of solid management waste because of its high growing rate of production. Untreated solid waste had caused many diseases in human beings like cholera, yellow fever and dengue fever. Windrow composting for food waste including bio-degradable and recyclable nature were checked for different compositions of food waste. Food waste composting by aerobically was carried out at South East Asian institute of Sciences, UAF. Three different windrows were reinforced with treatments of tap water, sewage water and microbial spray. Aerobic composting required different temperature tolerating microbes to complete the composting process. The analysis have been done in laboratory for many compost effecting parameters. Results showed that organic content analysis have better for composting of food waste. Three composting windrows were developed with three different treatments T1, T2 and T3 for food waste. Windrows were treated with sewerage water, tap water and effective microbial spray using specifically food waste. The compost of food waste prepared by the treatment of microbial spray was found better than the two treatments as having pH 8.63, organic content 68.91%, moisture content 28.09%, carbon 32.38%, nitrogen 0.67%, Phosphorous 1.3% and potassium 0.81%. Physical and chemical characteristics of compost has been analyzed, presented and transformed in graphs to check the relevance in all the composting parameters throughout the three composting piles of waste like M.C, Temperature, pH, O.C, C, N, P, K.

In the last several years, Pakistan has faced great challenges and serious threat from extensive natural disasters such as earthquake, landslide and flood. Different disaster management strategies, policies and technological based systems have been utilized in disaster, pre-disaster and post disaster to diminish its effects on surrounding and human life. The analysis of disaster pattern plays vital role in crisis management, disaster response and evacuation planning. It increases public awareness about disasters and also improve both planning and investigation. In this study, different disasters (Earthquake, flood and landslide) are analyzed and observed historical record of sixteen years (2000-2016) in Pakistan and also focus on comparative study of these disasters with their neighbor countries. The occurrences of different disasters and their impacts on human life have been analyzed. Secondary objective is the comparative analysis of different disasters, their occurrence, death and total affected victim of Pakistan with their neighbor countries. The analyzed outcome patterns can be helpful in pre disaster, disaster and post-disaster activities to trim down lives losses, economical losses and damages due to the occurrences of disasters.

This work describes the energy requirements for water supply and sewerage management of Faisalabad urban area and additionally suggests energy management improvements by incorporating grid connected renewable Photo- Voltaic (PV) based power generation. As the ground water in Faisalabad is mostly saline, Water and Sanitation Agency Faisalabad (WASA FSD) brings water from nearby soft water sources and pumps them to consumers within the city. To maintain water supply and sewerage disposal operations, WASA FSD requires to purchase 40k to 50k USD worth of electricity monthly from Faisalabad Electric Supply Company (FESCO) which is financially burdening for WASA. Additionally, as this energy demand is met from Pakistan’s already strained national grid, there is a need to better manage Agency’s energy requirements. In this work, we study utilization of an On-Grid PV solution for renewable power generation to meet the agency’s requirement of are 3.238 ×106 electricity units per month. Such systems can, in principle, eliminate dependency of WASA on the National Grid and additionally provide WASA with an energy efficient and sustainable power generation system with low environmental impact. In this paper, simulate a solar energy system without any energy storage system to determine its feasibility. Here, we present simulation results to estimate successfulness of such a project. Additionally, financial and technical aspects of the project have also been discussed suggesting a payback period less than 7 years.

In order to maintain an optimal management method of desert rangelands with high heritage value, there is a need of basic knowledge for the flora of the area under study. For this purpose, sampling was carried out from fenced and un-fenced areas in Dera ghazi khan (Pakistan). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of vegetation were performed. Total number of families and their respective species were recorded. Among quantitative parameters relative frequency and importance value were calculated in the area covered with wire net fence and the open area. Data were analysed statistically. Results showed affected plants species richness as well as soil composition. Fencing proved to be a beneficial management to maintain species diversity. The result indicated significant difference in fenced and unfenced areas. Edaphic factors of both study sites also differed significantly. This difference can be attributed to grazing disturbance, and if managed properly, they can prove a valuable source for livestock with sustainable features.

Pakistan being an agricultural country greatly depends on the water. Intense agriculture and ever-increasing population growth have created stress on the limited water resources of the country. Therefore, use of industrial discharge effluent and sewage water for irrigation is a common practice. Realizing the situation of safe disposal of wastewater in Pattoki to minimize the public risks of indiscriminate disposal of wastewater, Punjab government and Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) constructed a wastewater treatment plant at Pattoki district Kasur. The purpose of this study is to check the efficiency of wastewater being treated by the treatment plant in compliance with the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) and to check the efficiency of functional components of treatment plant. Water samples were collected from various points of the treatment plant in order to perform various onsite and laboratory test (DO, BOD5, COD, Chloride, TSS, and PH) to check the efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant. The results obtained for each water quality parameters (physical, chemical, and biological) were compared with National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). The recommended value of DO was greater than 2 mg/liter, BOD5, COD, Chlorides, TSS and PH by PEQS were less than 80 mg/liter, 150 mg/liter, 1000 mg/liter, 150 mg/liter and 6.5-9 respectively. The measured values of DO, BOD5, COD, Chlorides, TSS and PH were 0.3 mg/liter, 310 mg/liter, 48 mg/liter, 1760 mg/liter, 204 mg/liter and 8.3 respectively. The values of DO, BOD5 and TSS are not within PEQS recommended range. More facultative and anaerobic ponds should be constructed in order to treat total wastewater generated in Pattoki, as present plant is treating almost one fourth of total wastewater generated in Pattoki. Aerators should be provided at the aerobic ponds for improving the efficiency of wastewater treatment plant. Effluent from the treatment plant can be used for floriculture conjunctively with fresh water. Moreover, the concentration of physio-chemical parameters in the effluent also decreases after mixing the water available in drain. To some extent it also reduces the infiltration of dangerous components (as drain is not lined with concrete) present in wastewater that may contaminate the ground water or may have hazardous effects on quality of soil present in field. However, further studies are required to evaluate chemical parameters or heavy metals like arsenic, fluorides, chromium, zinc etc.

This paper deals with new information on paleontology and stratigraphy of eighteen Pakistanian Paleogene foraminiferal species and its paleogeographic distribution in the Tethyan Middle East. These species are: Tritaxia elongata, T. limbata, Siphogaudryina daviesi, S. elongata, Textularia sp. (=T. farafraensis, T. punjabensis, Pseudoclavulina pseudohumilis (=P.farafraensis), Globanomalina ovalis (=G. luxorensis, Fursenkoina dubia, Sakhiella nammalensis, Valvulineria nammalensis, Discorbis globiformis, Cibicidoides grandis, C. nammalensis, Rectoeponides dubia (=Karreria fallax), Ornatanomalina hafeezi and Pararotalia khirthari. One of the illustrated species is believed to be new: Nonionella haquei Anan, n. sp. Detailed study of rich and well preserved Pakistanian taxa were introduced by Haque made it possible to correlate them with those previously identified species in the coeval sequence in different Middle East and other Tethyan localities.

Water is an important factor of life for all living organisms and it is now deteriorated very rapidly due to industrial effluents, municipal and agriculture waste leaching down the groundwater. The percolation of water through the deposits of limestone and chalk which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates increases the mineral contents. So, the presence of high mineral contents creates water hardness. Water hardness is mainly occurring by the existence of calcium and magnesium, their high concentration in water makes water hard which cause several hazardous impacts on human life. Therefore, certain concentration standard limits have been fixed by different organizations. According to WHO 500 mg/l is allowable limit for water hardness. So regular use of high concentration of Calcium and magnesium ions above standard limits is causing real problems for human beings and environment. In daily routine life different harmful incidence occurs due to hard water. To overcome this problem water softening is a technique that serves the removal of cations which are most likely the hardness factors are calcium and magnesium. Water softening is the most useful technique to remove hardness. Therefore, a water softener is developed for domestic purpose. As the development of an optimum water softener was very essential for domestic use. The water softener can have performed efficiently with a hardness range of 1000-1200 mg/l and TDS may be up to 1500mg/l. The water softener plant is also cost efficient that have almost one-time production cost and very low maintenance and running cost. After the manufacturing of water softening plant hardness, pH, DO, TDS and EC is calculated to check its efficiency. The hardness, TDS and conductivity reduces after passing the sample water through the sample, DO was increased to little extent and pH was remained in a specific range.